What Is Eustress and How Is It Useful for People Essay Example

What Is Eustress and How Is It Useful for People? Paper Eustress is a kind of positive pressure that initially utilized and characterized by Selye (1987) as the vague reaction of the body to any request put upon it. (p. 17). Eustress has numerous focal points for individuals from three perspective, incorporate upgrade individuals physical wellbeing, carry energy and intention capacity to individuals and help individuals to diminish other sort of stress. Right off the bat, eustress is existed so as to improve individuals physical wellbeing and prosperity. To recognize eustress from the extent of effect on individuals can be partitioned into preferences of present moment and long haul. On the present moment, despite the fact that the pressure is cumbersome, eustress still can propel individuals to keep up the energy of pushing ahead with an objective or undertaking (What Is Eustress, 2012). For instance, individuals wanted to take an interest in sports exercises, for example, strolling, running, or working out in a rec center places some level of weight on the body. Eustress causes the arrival of endorphins that assist individuals with ensuring their physical and enthusiastic wellbeing (What Is Eustress, 2012). This is the most legitimately reflects of eustress to show the assurance of the people’ wellbeing. Then again, in the long haul, eustress advances passionate equalization, certainty, the sentiment of need and need, and all through the entire existence of the vast majority of individuals to at last give some level of joy and prosperity (What Is Eustress, 2012). Subsequently, the job of eustress is to limit the chance of numerous people’s mental and physiological maladies creating. Furthermore, eustress can carry energy and intention forces to individuals make a mind-blowing most. We will compose a custom article test on What Is Eustress and How Is It Useful for People? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on What Is Eustress and How Is It Useful for People? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on What Is Eustress and How Is It Useful for People? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A simple similarity to help make the idea of eustress more clear is to consider truly and feeling preparing. On the off chance that individuals without eustress, they can't feel energizing and energy. At the point when individuals running more noteworthy and more noteworthy separations or doing a few activities well, these can push individuals to challenge themselves and in new and requesting ways. Furthermore, eustress additionally can be represented in individuals passionate, profound and scholarly. For instance, think about marriage with the other individual, who is the adoration forever and will have an infant, individuals are energized and glad. In spite of the fact that that is somewhat pressure, it despite everything moves individuals to challenge it with fervor. In this manner, eustress most likely is a colossal pledge to make individuals need to work or reasonably recognize that it will require to learn and develop in manners. At long last, eustress is useful for individuals to lessen other sort of negative pressure. Individuals need to improve their pressure fundamentally on the grounds that eustress is a perfect degree of stress that can achieve the things individuals need to accomplish (Janata, 2008). For instance, when understudies take in the most pressure originates from their tests or by the assignments that they are approached to perform. They put the majority of the accentuation put these on, in this manner their feeling of anxiety is exceptionally high and their exhibition isn't ideal in any way. In any case, if use eustress to interface their future execution and grades, would probably influence and diminish the understudies had an overwhelming negative pressure. Along these lines, the eustress of basic center ground really encourages individuals to perform, best case scenario. All in all, eustress is exist and important worry for individuals. It can advance the soundness of individuals, can cause individuals to feel great sometimes and give individuals positive outcomes. What's more, it is acceptable worry to empower individuals to diminish different classifications of weight. References Janata, J. (2008). Can Stress Be Beneficial. Recovered from http://abcnews. go. com/Health/StressOverview/story? id=4668139 Selye, H. (1987). Worry without Distress. Area: Transworld, London. What Is Eustress. (2012). Recovered from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-eustress. htm

Overview of Conflicts of Interest Essay Example for Free

Outline of Conflicts of Interest Essay Secrecy is likewise something that a few volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation ought to likewise learn. Albeit numerous officials of this NGO advocate classification, a considerable lot of its volunteers could even now break this moral code, therefore further disconnecting forthcoming customers. The life of the primary Filipino AIDS casualty was made into a business film, and had pulled in a great many crowd †causing it to appear to be a jamboree appear. This is unequivocally the sort of shame that HIV/AIDS casualties fears, and something that the Remedios AIDS Foundation †and numerous different NGOs managing this infection is attempting to work out. The Remedios AIDS Foundation is additionally confronted with the issue on the best way to lead research without presenting the patients to different dangers (CIOMS 1993). As a NGO that do social and clinical examination, it needs to guarantee that HIV/AIDS patients should likewise profit by its investigations. It is exploitative to open subjects to the dangers of partaking in an exploration study except if the structure is adequately thorough that the outcomes will be substantial and generalizable (U. S. National Commission for the Protection of the Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research). Another basic moral thought that must be managed in like manner by the Remedios AIDS Foundation is the way to keep up objectivity before passionate patients. Socially, the Filipino individuals will in general be determined of each other’s predicaments, therefore it's anything but a segregated case to discover volunteers who are genuinely influenced by the states of HIV/AIDS patients. This in the end drives them to stop from their charitable effort as well as to be actually engaged with their patients’ cases, which regularly mists their basic judgment. Applications The best activity here is to actualize a serious and broad data crusade on AIDS and the benefits of having a place with a center gathering that can genuinely and truly help the AIDS casualties. In addition, volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation should likewise experience serious preparing and training on the best way to appropriately manage HIV/AIDS patients. It must be noticed that these patients are now enveloped by instability and rewarding them with slight vulnerability will just diminish their fearlessness. To meet the moral commitments for research, then again, this NGO must lead contemplates whose example sizes must be satisfactory. Appropriate examination endpoints should likewise be chosen. It should likewise guarantee that clinical preliminaries must experience fundamental lab and creature research. It should consistently think about that exploration with human members raises moral concerns since individuals acknowledge dangers and bother to progress logical information and to profit others (Lo 2000). Social analysts of this NGO should likewise figure out how to utilize language that isn't hostile to contemplate members. End As one of the NGOs at the bleeding edge of fighting HIV/AIDS in the Philippines, the Remedios AIDS Foundation is confronted with numerous moral quandaries that it is attempting to conquer individually. Despite the fact that it is hard to do in this generally Catholic nation where wantonness is in effect firmly despised and HIV/AIDS is being related with indiscrimination, it keeps on leaving on a thorough fighting against HIV/AIDS in the nation. Everything is a daunting task since accepted practices and strictness keep HIV/AIDS patients from approaching in the open to look for help. The NGO is searching for available resources to take care of this issue without losing its core interest. As the officials and volunteers of the Remedios AIDS Foundation are likewise for the most part Catholics, they additionally must have the option to move around their strict convictions so as to quit being prejudicial to HIV/AIDS patients. They additionally need to guarantee that their specialists are very much prepared to abstain from culpable investigation members and this must be finished by directing serious trainings. Finally, objectivity ought to likewise be urged to maintain a strategic distance from individual inclusion in patients’ pickle. This last moral issue ought to be urged to maintain a strategic distance from irreconcilable circumstance with respect to the NGO. At long last, the officials and volunteers of this NGO are perceptive of the way that except if these moral concerns are tended to, their battle against HIV/AIDS will never be effective. References: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). (1993) International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Geneva. de Bruyn, T. (1998) HIV/AIDS and Discrimination: A Discussion Paper. Montreal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network Canadian AIDS Society. Lo B. (2000) Overview of Conflicts of Interest. In Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: A Guide for Clinicians. second ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Regenerative Health Outlook. (1997) HIV/AIDS Key Issues. Recovered May 30, 2006 from http://www. rho. organization/html/hiv_aids_keyissues. html U. S. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1978) The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, D. C. : Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. The Offical Website of the Remedios AIDS Foundation. (1991) http://www.remedios.com.ph/

Based on your ideas on Nilsen and Tannen, discuss how language Essay

In view of your thoughts on Nilsen and Tannen, examine how language reflects man controlled society (Patriarchy) - Essay Example In addition, she figures out how to show that in any event, when filling structures, ladies recount tales about themselves on the grounds that most structures offer four titles to look over and they incorporate â€Å"Mr.†, â€Å"Mrs† or â€Å"Miss† and â€Å"Dr†. In her work, â€Å"Mr.† â€Å"carries no significance other than that the respondent is male† (Tennen395); notwithstanding, when ladies acknowledge â€Å"Mrs.† or â€Å"Miss† it shows that they have been hitched and that they have moderate types of address. Ladies utilizing the name â€Å"Ms.† decay to uncover on the off chance that they are hitched while men utilizing the title â€Å"Mr.† decrease nothing thinking about that nothing was asked; subsequently, ladies utilizing â€Å"Ms.† will in general be seen â€Å"as either freed or defiant relying upon the observer’s attitudes† (Tennen395). Tennen shows that wedded ladies last names are stamped and that if a wedded lady acknowledges her husband’s name, she recognizes to the world that, â€Å"she is hitched and has conventional values† (Tennen396). ... From her word reference cards, Nielsen shows that â€Å"feminine words have obtained sexual meanings while the manly word holds genuine professional aura† (Nielsen). For example, she figures out how to show that while a callboy is a person who calls on-screen characters when opportunity arrives for them to go to arrange, a call young lady is viewed as a whore. In her examination, Nielsen found around 200 sets of words that acknowledged both manly and ladylike structures and in almost the entirety of the sets, manly structure was viewed as the base where a female postfix was included. The manly structure is premise on which mixes are made separated from one semantic zone where manly word isn't the premise and the territories manages sex, marriage and parenthood. Nielsen shows that when somebody alludes to a virgin, the audience most likely considers a female except if the speaker indicates a manly pronoun, which is a similar case with the term prostitute. Also, Nielsen shows th at the sentence structure utilized recorded as a hard copy or in any event, discussing weddings show the desire for men assuming a functioning job when men marry ladies while the ladies become ladies of men. All things considered, titles offered to sovereignty show that guys can be at misfortune in light of the presumption that they dominatingly assume an amazing job; for example, when a female has the imperial title, at that point the man she weds doesn't naturally procure a coordinating title. From Nielsen’s article, unmistakably meanings between empowering male and skeptical female undertones can be set up from different sets of words that contrast denotatively in the zone of sex. For example, benefactor and lady have shifting degrees of regard that womenfolk endeavor to utilize the

Brands and other intangible assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Brands and other immaterial resources - Essay Example The budgetary status with a brand turns out to be increasingly recognized as relations to purchasers are worked through the brand valuation. Perceiving the brand as an elusive resource gets basic to an enterprise in view of the effect it has on purchaser spending just as on the budgetary eventual fate of an organization. In the event that funds start to vacillate from stable development to increments and diminishes in the organization, at that point it tends to be noted as an immediate connect to the impalpable resource of brand valuation (Wood, 662, 2000). Marking is an idea that started hundreds of years prior the same number of started to connect the possibility of possession with the items they claimed. Marking a home or slaves was the idea utilized by the individuals who were keen on keeping and keeping up an individual foundation. The primary idea was to perceive possession explicitly to accumulate an arrival on speculation for the proprietorship. The idea of marking for organizations started to blast with the rise of the mechanical insurgency and the structure of organizations into national substances. During this time, the opposition to make items at a mass level while exceeding contenders turned into the fundamental idea. During the 1920s, General Motors, Ford and organizations, for example, P&G started to utilize their name way of life as a strategy for defeating the opposition. As these brands were distinguished as an impalpable resource request expanded just as the bookkeeping structure. As commercialization rose during the 1980s, most organizations started to consolidate marking into their principle way of life as it was noticed that money related contrasts happened when a brand was perceived. The fundamental idea was to make a higher measure of interest from potential clients while permitting clients to get faithful to the brand character over different contenders. The outcome was the capacity to manufacture notoriety, yet in addition to change the money related increments inside an organization. The idea of brand personality during the 1980s and 1990s likewise started to rise at a worldwide level,

Business Ethics (Nestle Company) Essay

Presentation Settle is the world’s commanding wellbeing and nourishment organization which is still currently submitting their vows to the individuals consistently, wherever by promising ‘Good Food, Good Life’ to their customers to upgrade lives with great nourishments and refreshments. The advancement of Nestle was shaped in the 1905 through the mergers and acquisitions of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, by the siblings George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle, by Henri Nestle. The organization was then named after Henri Nestle in the time of 1866. The consistent developing and creating of Nestle have effectively made them an acclaimed brand and the vast majority do perceive the presence of them in today’s world. Nestle’s portfolio has actually spread the greater part of the nourishments and refreshments classification for example, infant food sources, filtered water, grains, chocolate and candy parlor, espresso, culinary, chilled and solidified nourishments, dairy, drinks, food administration, social insurance sustenance, dessert, petcare, sport nourishment and weight the board. ID Partners Nestle’s commitment of partners depends on their Creating Shared Value (CSV), which is permitting them to recognize and decide rising issues, to share the reactions among the partners and to keep on driving execution enhancements. Nestle’s partners can be arranged into three significant gatherings. First gathering is the gathering of political which comprises of Global Business Leaders, Non-benefit Organizations (NGOs), Academics, International Organization, and Government Official. This specific gathering serves the basic interests with Nestle which is in sharing the new contemplations and thoughts for how the NGOs, governments and organizations can work intently together so as to kill the boundary between improvements objectives and business needs. Second gathering is the gathering of specialists in social and ecological zone that is pertinent to Nestle’s field. This gathering is to impart Nestle’s approaches towards the individuals and condition and gather and look at criticisms dependent on CSV endeavors and plans. Last gathering is the gathering of ranchers, merchants and key processors that contribute help in farming assets of Nestle. This enthusiasm for this gathering is to give the backings to ranchers andâ encourage reasonable advancement in agribusiness around the world. What's more, the partners of Nestle are additionally moderately steady to the CSV and were likewise exceptionally relating about the issues, interests and explicit zones of worry for instance, the developing significance of environmental change, the uprising difficulties of both under-nourishment and weight, the decrease of biodiversity from denied land the board, the opposition between agribusiness land and water assets from biofuels, youngster work and furthermore inadequate chance and consideration given to help the indispensable job of ladies in farming. Moral Issues In spite of being a notable organization, be that as it may, the Nestle Company has been boycotted and been recorded one of the organizations that is doing dishonest acts which cause hurt towards the customers or their laborers. In view of studies and inquires about, a few cases and episodes have been examined in respects of Nestle doing dishonestly. Promoting Strategy As indicated by public statements and furthermore Baby Milk Action (2012), one of the Nestle’s present promoting systems are to debilitate the ‘breastfeeding’ of mother to youngster. In extra to this, Nestle is likewise including a few logos and marks in the help of publicizing reflect to devouring their items, for this situation which is child nourishments, is more ‘healthy’ and ‘effective’ than expending mother’s bosom milk and this prompts an ethical issues for the moms. What's more, Nestle is likewise by this commercial summing up that babies who are being breastfed, accordingly, are bound to get debilitated because of the poor state of the mother. These ads can be misdirected to embellishment which is by stamping realities with unsupported confirmations. Other than that, the exploitative demonstration in overstating of the publicizing proceeds with where the Nestle Company is focusing on wellbeing laborers with the cases of their recently detailed recipe ‘The Gold’ in their nourishments and refreshments which might lessen looseness of the bowels, fix cerebrum and eye advancement and furthermore reinforce the resistant framework. A few examinations was required by the World Health Assembly so as to analyze the ‘effectiveness’ of ‘The Gold’ recipe, nonetheless, been dismissed by Nestle Company because of the explanation of their exploration andâ development is carefully private and classified. To wrap things up, the Baby Milk Action is likewise addressing about the bogus announcing that Nestle has been accounted for towards their child food items. The United Reformed Church has spotted Nestle have damaged a few International Codes of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes, lamentably, it was as a rule bogus detailed in their arrangement articulations and reports saying the demonstrations of Nestle doing has no mischief towards their purchasers, in any case, it does really hurts wellbeing. The examination is still on going, however it has been excused continually. ‘Nestle has tried really hard to improve its corporate picture yet its scorn for the International Code’, says Yeong Joo Kean, lawful consultant of International Code Documentation Center. This backings that Nestle, in the franticness of upgrading brand pictures, notwithstanding, disregards a few to trade the accomplishment of its organization by putting hurt towards their customers. Main considerations That Impact the Issue There are numerous components that sway the moral issue of Nestle, from social, monetary and legitimate side. In another word, the unscrupulous issues and activities of an organization is constantly brought about by the effects from outside. Initially, social components influenced the moral issue of Nestle’s misrepresentation publicizing on its items. There are 3 reasons why Nestle misrepresent their notices and they are the market rule, adequacy of publicizing and absence of purchasers information. Notices are successful in light of the fact that the scope of publicizing is extremely wide in the regions, for example, TV, radio and on the web. A promotion is simpler to contact individuals from numerous points of view and simpler to get up to speed people’s consideration by utilizing feeling and over misrepresentation (Simmons, 2012). Other than that, as indicated by Euromonitor International Plc (2010), Nestle is commanding in nourishments and drinks showcase. The powerful of Nestle’s brand name and the shopper devotion is high; in this way, purchasers are simpler to accept the items from Nestle with no reasonable decisions. Simultaneously, there are absence of information on the fixing and the impacts of the items from Nestle in light of the fact that those fixings utilized are not be capable for individuals to see and just dependent on the check. In any case, those confirmations must be fashioned by Nestle. In view of the variables above, Nestle misrepresent their notice by saying that their infant milk is better than breastfeeding so as to empower individuals consumeâ more on their items. Another main consideration is economy and it is clarified by the moral issues of Nestle is because of the interest of their item and furthermore the wants of increment piece of the overall industry and incomes. Settle planned to boost their benefits and overlook the social duty of give reality of their items to their partners (Shaw and Berry, 2010). The necessities from economy development on Nestle drove them into moral issue which misrepresent their items and pull in individuals to expend and build the enthusiasm of the investors. Legitimate factor additionally affected on the moral issues of Nestle. As referenced previously, a few examinations was required by the World Health Assembly so as to look at the ‘effectiveness’ of ‘The Gold’ formula† yet has been dismissed by Nestle since they said the recipe is private and classified. Settle secured their recipe by legitimate framework and this came about in unjudged of the adequacy of their items. The genuine impacts of â€Å"The Gold Formula† are secured by Nestle and energized the moral issue of misrepresentation promoting. Important Ethical Theories and Concepts As from the case with respect to the blacklist towards Nestle that were raised by the infant milk activity association, Nestle were supposed to be an unscrupulous organization as they utilized beguiling publicizing to focus on the third world nations while they are having language and truly hindrances. (Kinnaird, 2011) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has the twin impacts of improving both present moment and long haul corporate execution, moreover, improves money related execution, upgrade brand picture and a builds the capacity to draw in and hold the best workforce. For a business to be fruitful in the drawn out it needs to make esteem, for its investors as well as for society. As referenced by Nestle, the organizations’ approach depends on a drawn out view, making huge incentive to the general public and furthermore to augments the shareholder’s esteem just as benefit (Nestl㠩’s Corporate Business Principles, 2012) however in actuality, in 1974, Nestle began to sell newborn child recipe at creating nations and has an aftereffect of unhealthiness and caused demise of children. Settle didn't satisfied theâ responsibility to have a commitment to profit the general public on the loose. (Kinnaird, 2011) Kenneth Arrow referenced that â€Å"there are two kinds of circumstance in which the straightforward principle of amplifying benefit is socially wasteful: the case where the expenses are not paid for, as in contamination, and the case wherein the dealer has impressively more information about his item than the buyer.† F rom the perspective on business, Nestle were said upheld by this announcement as they are providin

Building Acronyms Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Building Acronyms Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One of the best parts of studying at SIPA is that you can take classes at Columbia Universitys nine graduate schools. A lot of people cross-register for classes at the Business School, some at the Law School, others at Engineering. The hard part, sometimes, is to discover where  your class is actually taking place. The registration system gives you the acronym for the building, but there are so many buildings that sometimes it is hard to figure the right one. In order to make your life easier, Ive  gathered this list of most recurrent acronyms and respective buildings, including a map of the exact location for them. (And with class visit schedule finally up, this list will definitely be useful.)  See you at IAB! # Acronym Building School / Department   1 IAB International Affairs Building School of International and Public Affairs 2 GRHL Jerome Greene Hall Law School 3 WJWH William and June Warren Business School + Law School 4 KNT Kent Hall East Asian Languages and Cultures 5 HAM Hamilton Columbia College 6 PHI Philosophy Building Philosophy 7 SCH Schermerhorn Natural Sciences 8 MUD Mudd School of Engineering 9 TC Teachers College School of Education 10 URI Uris Business School 11 JRN Pulitzer Journalism school 12 PUP Pupin Astronomy and Physics 13 HAV Havemeyer Chemistry Department

Personal Desire, Societal Expectation Whitman on Religion and Sexuality - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"The individual has always had to struggle to keep from being overwhelmed by the tribe. If you try it, you will be lonely often, and sometimes frightened. But no price is too high to pay for the privilege of owning yourself† Friedrich Nietzsche. As a member of society, one is encouraged often through media, legislation, and cultural tradition to meet certain social and behavioral expectations. The disregard of these social â€Å"norms,† which attempt to make human behavior more predictable through the standardization thereof, are what made author and poet Walt Whitman controversial in his time; he defied both individual and literary conformity throughout his work, choosing instead to personify the gap between personal desire and societal expectation. In his protracted and intimate epic Song of Myself, Walt Whitman reflects on this gap, specifically through the lenses of religion, or the lack thereof, and sexual imagery in his writing. Born and raised in the early nineteenth-century, a time of political turbulence and white, evangelical supremacy, Whitman, influenced by the notions of deism, chose to respect all religions but follow none. â€Å"Jehovah†¦ Kronos†¦ Osiris†¦ Brahma, Buddha†¦ Manito Allah the crucifix engraved†¦ Odin and the hideous-faced Mexitli and every idol and image, [I take] them all for what they are worth and not a cent more, admitting they were alive and did the work of their days†¦ Accepting the rough deific sketches to fill out better in myself†¦ Discovering as much or more in a framer framing a house†¦ Not objecting to special revelations, [I consider] a curl of smoke or a hair on the back of my hand just as curious as a revelation† (Section 41). Here, Whitman refuses to associate with any single organized religion, instead suggesting that all religions and deities are neither false nor absolutely true, but equally respectable in philosophy, tr adition, and scrutiny a rather revolutionary notion for his time, in which Christianity and its denominations ruled the American cultural sphere. Historically, he did not allow religion to dictate his behavior like many Americans who feared â€Å"sinning†. Whitman chose instead to carve his own path based on his own morals and desires, rather than religious expectation, encouraging his readers to â€Å"no longer take things at second or third hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres [of] books,† but rather to â€Å"listen to all sides and filter them for yourself† (Section 2, both quotations). Furthermore, Whitman’s rejection of religion is apparent in his distaste of the pious: â€Å"I think I could turn and live with animals†¦ They do not sweat and whine about their condition, they do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins, they do not make me sick discussing their duty to God†¦ Not one kneels to anoth er, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago† (Section 32). Whitman, disgusted with the blind allegiance of the devout to their gods, churches, and holy books, finds solace in the purity of nature and her creatures. He would rather live among the Earth’s creatures than be pestered and dictated by those of God, choosing instead to follow his own spiritual path based on his own principles and ambitions, free from the influence of God and the promise of Heaven. This mindset was rather revolutionary for his time, as the promise of Heaven provided a comforting benefit of death to the largely religious American populace. Overall, Whitman did not give in to prominent American religion, or religion in general, nor did he allow its doctrines to dictate his path, to determine his personal moral rules, or to judge and influence his behavior all of which are further evidenced by the author’s then-controversial sexuality and sexual imagery. Humans within themselves harbor auto-, homo-, and heterosexual desires. Sex is simply a human experience, much stronger in uniting than in dividing a human’s relationships, both with his partners and with himself. Whitman himself, in search of communion with all living beings, hinted at homosexual tendencies throughout his literary work. In an early version of Song of Myself, Whitman said, â€Å"Prodigal! You have given me love! Therefore I to you give love! O unspeakable passionate love! Thruster holding me tight, and that I hold tight! We hurt each other as the bridegroom and the bride hurt each other† (Section 21 of Song of Myself, The Walt Whitman Archive). Disregarding social taboo by openly discussing his lustful desires, in this case with a man, Walt Whitman ignores social expectation and focuses instead on the cravings of his own soul the craving to satisfy his human nature by intimately connecting with his partners. This blatant literary eroticism was uncommon for Whitman’s time and often met with controversy and disdain from the outspoken of America’s conservative mindset, wherein sex was stigmatized (The Walt Whitman Archive) as an act of guilt, domination, and overall impurity if done outside the confines of religious law. Whitman, however, continued discussing sex and ultimately human nature throughout his work, ignoring the criticism he received as his poems deviated from the genteel Eurocentric standard. One example of this is his portrayal of a woman watching twenty-eight young men bathing naked in a stream, her heart and soul filled with the desire to join them and experience the beauty of human touch. â€Å"Twenty-eight young men bathe by the shore†¦ twenty-eight years of womanly life and all so lonesome. Which of the young men does she like the best? †¦ You splash in the water there, yet stay stock still in your room. Dancing and laughing along the beach came the twenty-ninth bather, the rest did not see her, but she saw them and loved them. An unseen hand also passd over their bodies, it descended tremblingly from their temples and ribs† (Section 11). It is neither modest, nor appropriate, for a woman to bathe naked with a group of strange men. Playing on the human desire of sexual discovery, however, Whitman ignores the social and religious expectations of modesty and virtue, describing in detail the lonesome woman’s burning desire to simply enjoy hersel f with the group of bathing men. Whitman attempts to unveil the woman’s â€Å"forbidden voices of sexes and lusts† (Section 24), believing that sexual guilt and fright are harmful emotions, despite the stigma revolving around the public expression thereof. Following his own beliefs, Whitman seems to encourage the woman to forget the societal expectation of modesty and pursue her own path, forged from her own desire, sexual ambition, and timid experience with life; he seems to encourage her to take to the water with the men, sharing not only her body but also her emotion and desire of intimacy. Overall, openly discussing sex is, and was in Whitman’s time, often considered taboo. Acting as an open-minded sexual pariah, however, Whitman attempted to normalize the discussion and love of sex, both homo and hetero, causing ripples among the conservative American mindset of the time which had ultimately condemned it, embracing his personal desire as he forewent societa l and religious expectation of modesty to express to his audience his love of communionship, which is only bolstered by sexual interaction. In this manner, Walt Whitman, in his American epic Song of Myself, explored the gap between personal aspiration and societal expectations through the perspective of religion and through his controversial, yet natural, sexual imagery both of which defied the common, conservative American standard of the time. As one of the most significant American writers to this day, having popularized American literature in an era where European-traditionist writing was the main consumption of literate Americans, Whitman’s influential message of choice and individuality has a rather widespread sphere of influence across the American public. He encourages his readers, above all else, to take the reins of their own lives, to rely not on institution, nor holy books, nor ancestral teachings and traditions to mold readers’ paths. He advocates individuality and the denial of conformity and of the embracing not only of oneself, but of â€Å"every caste and rank† of every nation in th is great Nation of Nations that we call the United States. Walt Whitman, through his literary work, teaches not only how to live, but how to love without fear of stigmatization, how to embrace nature and enjoy the purity and the beauty of the Earth, and most significantly how to exist spiritually not only within oneself, but of oneself. One should ultimately embrace the very essence of who he is, love nothing more than the fat which sticks to his own bones, and forge his own path in this game of life, with desire and ambition leading the way.

Climate Change Has Changed The World - 1813 Words

It is possible to conclude that Climate Change has rapidly picked up in the last few decades due to fossil fuel emissions caused by humans, creating a warming of the earth that is melting the glaciers causing sea levels to rise each year. The sea levels rising have already shown some low level communities living by the ocean just a preview of what can later be seen in many years to come. With the glaciers melting away, humans all around the world are losing an astronomical percentage of fresh water as well, which have been stored in glaciers on the edges of the globe. With the process already taking place in today’s world, the only thing left to do is to embrace the consequences, and find a way to slow down the process of melting and save some of the lands that will be soon under oceanic waters, or to adapt to the new world that we will be seeing in the near future. â€Å"Throughout its long history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the pla net received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. But in the past century, another force has started to influence Earth’s climate: humanity†. (Earth observatory) Humanity has taken a toll on the world we live in. Dispersing an incredible amount of fossil fuels that has been destroying the world day by day. With the population of humans greatly increasing, the fuel for humanity had also needed to rise greatly to hostShow MoreRelatedClimate Change1705 Words   |  7 PagesOutline: 1-Introduction for climate change †¢ Background information †¢ Definition of climate change 2-Body: A- The causes of climate change †¢ The causes of climate change †¢ Natural causes of climate change B- Effects of climate change †¢ Human effects on climate change †¢ Greenhouse gases effect †¢ Changing in the ecosystems. 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The Situation Of Double Taxation Of Company And Shareholder International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2084 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Taxation Essay Did you like this example? What is double taxation? Double taxation is a situation that affects C corporations when business profits are taxed at both the corporate and personal levels. The corporation must pay income tax at the corporate rate before any profits can be paid to shareholders. Then any profits that are distributed to shareholders through dividends are subject to income tax again at the individual rate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Situation Of Double Taxation Of Company And Shareholder International Law Essay" essay for you Create order The corporate profits are subject to income taxes twice. Double taxation does not affect S corporations, which are able to pass through earnings directly to shareholders without the intermediate step of paying dividends. In addition, many smaller corporations are able to avoid double taxation by distributing earnings to employee/shareholders as wages. Still, double taxation has long been subject to criticism from accountants, lawyers, and economists. Critics of double taxation would prefer to integrate the corporate and personal tax systems, arguing that taxes should not affect business and investment decisions. They claim that double taxation places corporations at a disadvantage in comparison with unincorporated businesses, influences corporations to use debt financing rather than equity financing (because interest payments can be deducted and dividend payments cannot), and provides incentives for corporations to retain earnings rather than distributing them to shareholders. Fur thermore, critics of the current corporate taxation system argue that integration would simplify the tax code significantly. (referenceforbusiness.com) Double taxation arises when an individual or business acquiring income in a foreign country is required to pay taxes on that income in both the foreign country as well as the country of origin. For example, an American company operating in a developing country, in the absence of a tax treaty between the two countries may have to pay a withholding tax to the government of the developing country, as well as corporation tax to the United States government (Howard, 2001, p. 259). The purpose of this paper is to examine the merit of three basic systems, which is exemption system, credit system and deduction system. These systems are dealings with the essence of tax relief from international double taxation. The case between Turkey and Germany is more on exemption and credit system focused in my paper. Exemption system Under exemption systems, a taxpayer of a country (the residence country), will not be taxed regardless of where the income is generated, instead, taxpayers are taxed based on the source of their income (the host country), that is, only the country where the income is generated has taxing authority over the income (Stephens, 1998, p.159) With exemption system, its encourages resident individual or companies to venture outside their domestic environment and compete with their foreign competitors. Hence it is frequently used term of capital import neutrality. In general, it can be said that a tax exemption system encourages businesses to trade outside their home country, thus accelerating the trends towards globalization and increase of global welfare. Countries that are purely on exemption system are often referred to as tax havens because the country does not tax any foreign source income (FSI) earned by individuals or corporations that have that country as their home country (Stephens, 1998). A tax haven is a place where foreigners may receive income or own assets without paying high rates of taxes. Generally speaking, the main characteristic of a tax haven is a very low effective tax rate on foreign income. Major tax havens are the Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, Panama, and Singapore. Most tax havens are developing countries where governments believe that tax haven status would accelerate their rate of economic growth (Howard, 2001, p.256) Credit system The credit system allows tax paid in one state to be used as credit against a taxpayers liability in another state. The credit will be in the form of a direct credit or indirect credit (August, 2004, p 732) The philosophy behind a tax credit system is to allow international businesses to operate under the same conditions as domestic enterprises. If a business ventures abroad, it must pay tax on foreign and domestic business income domestically at the same tax rate and tax basis. Foreign tax paid (dividend withholding tax and corporate income tax on the original profits) can be deducted against domestic tax due. This system is also referred as Capital Export Neutral system. Tax-credit systems have been implemented in the United States, OECD countries, and newly industrialized economies in which investment taxes paid to foreign countries can be deducted at home if the home tax rate exceeds the foreign tax rate. AVOIDING DOUBLE TAXATION There are many ways for corporations to avoid double taxation. For many smaller corporations, all of the major shareholders are also employees of the firm. These corporations are able to avoid double taxation by distributing earnings to employees as wages and fringe benefits. Although the individual employees must pay taxes on their income, the corporation is able to deduct the wages and a benefit paid to employees as a business expense, and thus is not required to pay corporate taxes on that amount. For many small businesses, distributions to employee/owners account for all of the corporations income, and there is nothing left over that is subject to corporate taxes. In cases where income is left in the business, it is usually retained in order to finance future growth. Although this amount is subject to corporate taxes, these tax rates are usually lower than those paid by individuals. Larger corporations-which are more likely to have shareholders who are not employed by the business and who thus cannot have corpo rate profits distributed to them in the form of salaries and fringe benefits-are often able to avoid double taxation as well. For example, a non-active shareholder may be called a consultant, since payments to consultants are considered tax-deductible business expenses rather than dividends. Of course, the shareholder/consultant must pay taxes on his or her compensation. It is also possible to add shareholders to the payroll as members of the board of directors. Finally, tax-exempt investors such as pension funds and charities are often significant shareholders in large corporations. The tax-exempt status of these groups enables them to avoid paying taxes on corporate dividends received. Background of agreement Avoidance of double taxation between Turkey and Germany has a long story. It goes back to end of 1960s. For this purpose between the two countries began talks in 1968. After long negotiations and interviews both parties prepared a draft agreement on 19.10.1968. This text is signed by two authorized representatives of the Government; the finalized draft is ratified by the parliaments of both countries and after that a long time period had to pass in order to put this agreement into action. Unfortunately from 1968 until 1985 the agreement couldnt come up to reality. The final agreement was signed in Bonn (Former capital of West Germany) on 16.14.1985. Unfortunately no real explanation was given for the delay to finalize the agreement from any of the parties. Legal formality The agreement between Turkey and Germany is the avoidance of double taxation taxes on income and wealth. This has become the fourth agreement Turkey has ever done with another country. As It is mentioned the final agreement was reached in 1985 but the ratifications took around four years for the parliaments to agree. January 1.st 1990 is the milestone of this agreement where it came to exercise. As mentioned on the last paragraph of the agreement, the texts were writt en in Turkish, German and in English languages to avoid misunderstandings by the translation between Turkish and German. If the disagreement cannot be solved than English version shall prevail. Taxes covered subject of the agreement According to OECD model tax treaties the agreement of avoidance of double taxation between Turkey and Germany includes the following taxes. In Turkey; Income tax Corporation tax In Germany; Income tax Corporation tax Wealth tax Trade tax Some other topics covered tax agreement Bilateral agreements to prevent double taxation is not only about to prevent double taxation issues. Such as the OECDs Model, in such agreements, exchange of information, Nondiscrimination, Mutual agreement procedure, administrative support also helps to prevent tax evasion. When we take a look at the agreement of avoidance of double taxation between Turkey and Germany we can see some parts regarding to tax evasion; Article: 24- Equal treat ment Article :25- Mutual agreement Article: 26- Exchange of information Article: 27- Diplomatic and consular privileges Terminologies used in the agreement To understand what actually the agreement is about and how the subjects are determined we need to follow some terminologies in order to understand where we can put the stones. The term Person: Means any individual and any corporation. Company refers to all kinds of legal entity for tax purposes as a legal entity or person means any traded. Legal head: This statement of the Turkish Commercial Law, or Law of the German financial means within the context of legal settlement. Competent authority: Means the Minister of Finance of Republic of Turkey and the Federal Republic of Germany. Fiscal domicile: The concept in general, under the laws of the contracting states of one or the other, place of residence (settlement), home, legal center, business center, the tax liability due to any other criterion of a sim ilar nature refers to places that can be established. Permanent establishment: Some examples of places within the coverage, place of management, branch, office, factory, workshop, mine, oil or natural gas wells in excess of six months as a listed building site, but the remaining places are also out of order. Taxation agreement with the relevant provisions Since the agreement is very long and expaling each of them will require a lot of explanation and many pages I will try to mention some points of the agreement which are relevant to my topic. Below I will give the name and the articles of some part of the agreement and write them what article includes which element. The parts including the articles about the taxation are found between the articles 6-21. Article 6: Matter of real estate income. Article 7: Matter of commercial profits. Article 8: Navigation, air and land transport. Articles 910: Substance-dependent enterprises dividends matter. Article 11: Mate rial interest. Article 12: Article grid operating charges royalties. Article 13: Material increase in value of capital gains. Article 14: Item self-employment activities. Article 15: Substance-dependent activities. Article 16: Managers payments. Article 17: Artists and athletes. Article 18: Substance pensions. Article 19: Matter of public servants. Article 20: Teachers and students with substance. Article 21: Provisions of the taxation of other income is divided into substance. Article 22: Taxation of wealth. The most important of all is the article 23. This articles tales the basis of OECD model of agreement and removes the basis of double taxation between two countries. This article shows the tow model to remove double taxation. These methods are 23/A the Exemption method and 23/B Credit method. These two methods are closely related to each other. At the first stage, each country chooses between the exemption and the credit method (as prescri bed by the OECD model treaty) and at the second stage, each country sets nationally optimal non-discriminatory capital tax rates. It is shown that in the subgame perfect equilibrium both countries choose the exemption method. Mutual application of the exemption method is also shown to yield the highest welfare for each country. While the tax export effect generally induces both countries to choose inefficiently high tax rates, this effect is weakest when both countries exempt foreign earned profits from domestic taxation. (springerlink.com) Major problems faced with Germany during double taxation For the Turkish citizens been living in Germany for many years the German government was questioning the source of their incomes that they have in Turkey. German citizens have residency in Turkey and get their pensions from Germany had a problem. Turkey had the right to tax them but because of internal issues the Turkish domestic laws leave the income tax to be written as a income. The German side was asking to write them as tax. But the problem could not be solved. Germany is a big fair and exhibition country. Turkish companies apply to many of those during the years. To keep the business alive the federal government was giving participants the right to tax non-refundable. For EU members this procedure still continues but for the Turkish companies this refund option is not available anymore. The German tax authorities wanted to access the bank accounts in Turkey of Turkish citizens living in Germany. The branch of Turkish national bank in Germany was ridden with police force and all documents were seized by the federal forces. This action was not welcomed in the Turkish side.

Fast Food Nation Death in the Fast Food Lane Essay

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Divorce Is A Huge Issue Of Concern - 1622 Words

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Strategic Hr Management Student Workbook Free Essays

string(34) " countries if any problems arise\." STRATEGIC HR MANAGEMENT STUDENT WORKBOOK International HRM Case Study By Fiona L. Robson Project team Project leader: Project contributor: External contributor: Editor: Design: Fiona L. Robson Bill Schaefer, SPHR Nancy A. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Hr Management Student Workbook or any similar topic only for you Order Now Woolever, SPHR Sharon H. Leonard Courtney J. Cornelius, copy editor Terry Biddle, graphic designer  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson Note to Hr faculty and instructors: SHRM cases and modules are intended for use in HR classrooms at universities. Teaching notes are included with each. While our current intent is to make the materials available without charge, we reserve the right to impose charges should we deem it necessary to support the program. However, currently, these resources are available free of charge to all. Please duplicate only the number of copies needed, one for each student in the class. For more information, please contact: SHRM Academic Initiatives 1800 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA Phone: (800) 283-7476 Fax: (703) 535-6432 Web: www. shrm. org/hreducation 08-0753 International HRM Case Study By Fiona L. Robson Student Workbook Strategic HR Management Purpose of the Case Study This case study is geared toward an undergraduate audience with a basic understanding of the issues involved in domestic recruitment and selection. The case is based on a ? ctional organization in the United Kingdom’s hotel industry; however, the content covered is relevant internationally and among different industries. The material is presented in this manner to allow you to apply theory to a practical situation. You will have an opportunity to think about the key decisions involved in international assignments. You will be able to transfer your knowledge of domestic HR issues to the international context and consider the roles and duties performed by expatriate workers. Learning Outcomes for Students By the end of the case, you will: ? Understand the main elements and issues related to international assignments. Demonstrate an awareness of when it is appropriate to use expatriate workers and the key debates that are involved. Appreciate the skills and knowledge needed by expatriate workers. Consider how organizations can prepare expatriate managers to succeed in an international context. ? ? Recommended Time Schedule For this case, you will be acting as independent management consultants and should be split into three groups. You will work within your groups for all of the activities provided in the case study document. The instructor can decide whether any of the additional activities provided are appropriate for your group.  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson 1 recommeNDeD reSoUrceS Book: Harzig, A. -W. and van Ruysseveldt, J. (2007). International Human Resource Management, 2nd edition. London: Sage. A diverse selection of interesting journal articles exists on this topic: Brewster, C. (1997). International HRM: Beyond expatriation. Human Resource Management Journal, 7(3), 31. Brewster, C. , and Scullion, H. (1997). A review and agenda for expatriate HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 7(3), 32-41. Earley, P. C. , and Peterson, R. S. (2004). The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(1), 100-115. Forster, N. (2000). Expatriates and the impact of cross-cultural training. Human Resource Management Journal, 10(3), 63–78. Ingemar Torbiorn, I. (1997). Staf? ng for international operations. Human Resource Management Journal, 7(3), 42-51. Matthews, V. E. (2000). Competition in the international hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(2), 114-118. Morris, M. , and Robie, C. (2001). Meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5(2), 112-125.  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson Background Information on the Organization Brunt Hotels, PLC, owns more than 60 hotels throughout the United Kingdom. They recently acquired a small hotel chain headquartered in France. Brunt’s chief executive decided that half of the new hotels in France would be retained and rebranded as part of the Brunt Hotels Group; the other half will be sol d. This will support Brunt’s strategic objective of growing the organization slowly to make sure that new ventures are well supported and opened on time and on budget. Brunt’s hotels are considered budget accommodations; they are functional, clean and reasonably priced. Additional information about UK hotel standards is available at http://www. qualityintourism. com/content/pdfs/Standards/Budget%20Hotels%20 Standard_INT. pdf . Most guests stay for one to three nights and are a combination of business and leisure travellers. The hotels are typically situated in downtown locations that are easily accessible by mass transit. Tourists are attracted to these hotels in popular visitor destinations where the many local attractions mean that they will not be spending much time in their hotel rooms. The organization has decided to use an ethnocentric approach and send some of their existing UK-based managers to France to lead the changeover of the new hotels and then manage them after they re-open. If this new overseas venture is successful, Brunt may decide to acquire other small hotel groups in other European countries. The organization would like to own 150 hotels in the next ? ve years. Their 10-year plan is to own 300 hotels across Europe. This is an ambitious target, so it is important that the organization ? nds an effective formula to operate successfully in other countries. 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson 3 Case Study—Part One The organization has never owned hotels outside the UK before, and has hired a team of independent management consultants to advise them on how to proceed. They provided the consultants the following information during their initial meeting: ? A majority of their existing managers said they would like a chance to work abroad. None of their existing managers speak French ? uently. They will allow four weeks to rebrand the hotels. The new hotels must be ready to open after that time. They expect to recruit a large number of staff for the new French hotels, because more than 70 percent of the employees from the acquired organization left. They will require their managers to be ? exible and move between countries if any problems arise. You read "Strategic Hr Management Student Workbook" in category "Essay examples" ? ? ? ? Activity A (5 minutes) Based on the information you have to date, what do you think the key priorities should be? Activity B (15-20 minutes, including presentation of ideas) The hotel management asked you if they should look only at internal candidates who are parent country nationals (PCNs) or recruit host country nationals (HCNs). The class should be divided into three groups; each group should prepare a 3-minute argument based on the following: Group 1 believes that only PCNs should be hired. Group 2 believes that only HCNs should be hired. Group 3 believes that a combination of PCNs and HCNs should be hired. Present the advantages of the approach your group was allocated to the class. 4  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson Case Study—Part Two Brunt management decided that because this is their ? rst venture into a country outside the UK, they want to use PCNs to set up the new hotels and that only internal candidates should be considered. They think that this is important so they can incorporate the organization’s values. However, they believe that once the hotels are up and running, HCNs could be hired. The management vacancies must be ? lled as soon as possible. In their company literature, the organization states that their core values are to: ? Provide excellent levels of customer service to all guests. Provide a clean and comfortable environment for guests and staff. Recruit and retain excellent staff. Support and develop staff so they can reach their full potential. Continuously strive to improve all aspects of the business. Ensure that all hotel buildings, ? xtures and ? ttings are well-maintained in a proactive manner. ? ? ? ? ? It is important that the management consultants for this project take these core values into account when making their recommendations. Activity C (15 minutes) Write a recruitment advertisement for the new positions which can be sent to existing managers by e-mail. Your advertisement should include, at a minimum, the following information: ? ? Main responsibilities of the new job. The skills you are looking for in the position.  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson 5 Case Study—Part Three The management team liked your recruitment advertisement, but realized that they did not consider the salary for these new positions! Since the organization has never hired managers to work outside the UK before, they do not know how to start determining the compensation. They provide you with the following information that they found on the Internet: ? Existing salary for managers is ? 30,000 (45,000 Euros) plus bonuses. Surveys show that the average salary for hotel managers in France is 60,000 Euros with no opportunity to earn bonuses. ? The directors want to have a consistent approach as to how they compensate expatriates because they expect their overseas business to expand in the future. They also want existing employees to be enticed into working abroad and want to have a good range of incentives. Activity D (20 minutes) Design a compensation package for the hotel management position. Explain the rationale for your design. You may also include non-? nancial bene? ts. 6  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson Case Study—Part Four The management eventually approves the advertisement and the compensation package and distributes both internally. Interested candidates are asked to write a letter to the CEO to explain why they think they are the best person for the job. Thirty managers apply for one of the new positions (there are 10 positions available), which means there will be 20 unsuccessful candidates still working for the organization. The management team acknowledges that the application letters were not helpful with making decisions and that they need a more robust selection process. There must be a strong sense of fairness in the selection process because they do not want to de-motivate any of these existing employees. They want to select the right candidates because it is essential that the new hotels are successful and up and running quickly and ef? ciently. The senior managers know all of the candidates quite well (personally and professionally). They would like you, as independent consultants, to design an appropriate selection methodology. The management team advises you that they do not want to take into account the marital or family situation of the expatriate candidates; they are concerned that this may fall afoul of UK equal opportunities legislation. Activity E (20-30 minutes) Each management consultant group must design a selection process for the candidates. There is no budget limit for the development of the process; the senior management team knows that it is important to get the right person for the job. However, because the new hotels must be up and running quickly, they ask you to design a selection process which will take a maximum of two days. You are in competition with the other management consultant groups and have ? ve minutes to present your ideas. You must be able to justify why each method is appropriate. 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson 7 Case Study—Part Five The management hires six candidates to work overseas because they did not feel that the other candidates were quali? ed. They feel con? dent that these six can successfully open the new hotels. The success of these managers is vital to the success of setting up the new business, so management wants to ensure they provide eff ective support for them in terms of training and development. They believe that the best option is to divide training into two parts: pre-departure training and on-the-job training in the new country. Since the organization has never sent employees abroad before, they are not sure about what should be included in these training programs. The only mandatory area that must be included is an introductory language section (including basic business French) so that the managers have a basic grasp of the French language by the time they open the new hotels. However, they hope that the managers will enjoy their introductory language course and will continue to attend more advanced language classes when the new hotels are open. Activity F (20-30 minutes) The organization knows that training is important; but despite looking at what other companies offer, they cannot decide what the key training areas should be. They would like all three management consultant groups to design the content and structure of these training programs and allocate two managers to each of the groups (as indicated below). Because of the large investment they are making in the managers, they provide you with some details on each of them so that the training can be tailored to their needs. Group 1 will design the training programs for Managers A and B. Group 2 will design the training programs for Managers C and D. Group 3 will design the training programs for Managers E and F. Complete the table given to you by your instructor to show your proposals. 8  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson Case Study—Part Six The management team decides to select only one of the three proposed training programs, con? dent that it will be useful and informative for the new expatriates. However, they would also like to provide external support for the new expatriates to make their transition to a new country as smooth as possible. They are aware of some of the services that can be offered to support employees on both a personal and professional level, but do not have a comprehensive overview. Activity G (20-30 minutes) The management team asks you to conduct Internet-based research to ? nd out what expatriate support services are available in France. Each team should create a list of the services that are available and provide details of at least one organization which could provide the services. These services should then be listed in order of priority for the expatriates. You will present your ideas to the other teams, so you should be prepared to justify your reasons for prioritizing the services.  © 2008 Society for Human Resource Management. Fiona L. Robson 9 SHrm members can download this case study and many others free of charge at www. shrm. org/hreducation/cases. asp. If you are not a SHrm member and would like to become one, please visit www. shrm. org/join. 1800 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314-3499 How to cite Strategic Hr Management Student Workbook, Essay examples

Case Analysis in Light of the Criminal Justice Models †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Case Analysis in Light of the Criminal Justice Models. Answer: The Crime Control Model According to this model, a lot of emphasis is made on the legislature and not the courts because it validates authority. In this case, the model accepts the reliance put on the criminal sanctions by the legislatures. In such an instance, we assume that the presented criminal sanction is an absolute guarantor of social freedom as well as being necessary for the maintenance of public order. The assumption leading to the outlined conclusion is that police investigations or prosecutions could possibly control crimes. However, the reality in place is that with the availablelaw enforcement resources are taken to proceed with speed and finality. Fact finding processes are done by the police in the station-houses and streets and not by judges or lawyers in the courts. However, the police happen not to be with "legal guilt" through evidence that is admissible as required. The police is given investigative powers and could have used the same to establish whether the suspect is factually guilty or not. It is factual enough to ask whether the confession of the accused is unreliable (Joab). We are not so much interested in the trial when it comes to this model since the main concern is in the administrative stages of fact finding. The prosecutor is however considered to be in the best position in evaluating the amassed evidence and give an appropriate decision. Police and prospectors alike are required not to waste their time that is limited on those considered to be innocent. Therefore, the trial judge is required to accept guilty pleas instead of inquiring into the pleas factual accuracy or if the accused did have defense. Due Process Model In this case, we begin with skepticism concerning the utility and morality of the sanction. Such skepticism will be based on values that are liberal with regards to the primacy of the accused as well as the complementary concept regarding official power limitation. It should also be noted that less emphasis is put on guilty pleas as well as the efficiency of the process. Equality is also paramount in the sense that the accused need to receive equal treatment with regards to the justifications. The rights of the accused should then be protected since in that way, the assumption made is that the due process rights are as well protected. The criminal cases should, therefore, not be seen as a bipolar matter between the accused and the state. This process imposes several restraints on the police so that the suspects rights are protected. The informal fact-finding processes are also limited in this case. It is illegal for the police to arrest an individual as a way of developing their case . Instance where there is communication between the accused and the police, the individual who is accused need to be informed on his right to receive and contact counsel as well as be silent. The criminal process should not, in any instance, have whatever disparity in its resources between the accused and the state during the time of the arrest. Statements that are taken without a clear voluntary waiver of the accuseds rights need not to be excluded from any subsequent criminal trial. In this way, the accused is protected from self-incrimination that is unfair. A Roller Coaster Model In this case we respond to the existing inadequacies of the states ability to control crimes in a way that protects as well as serve the victims. There is a crisis, in our case because there is a need that is perceived with regards to the defending of the criminal sanction from challenges of due processes. In a normal way, we have to perceive the potential victims as being worthy of some respect. The criminal sanctions defense replicates the assumption of crime control. Such is that the criminallaw has the possibility of controlling crime. The demand posed by victims for criminal sanction should be focusing on their equal protection by the law. Several studies on victimization show, just how much the existing systems have failed. Victims are highlighted to be ill-treated within such systems. If, under any means, a crime takes place, this model will have to ensure that healing and justice are upheld. A Circle Model This is yet another direction towards ensuring that victims are rightfully treated. This circle model is quite different from the roller coaster model. While the Roller Coaster model has its reliance on inadequate criminal sanction and also countering claims of due process, the Circle Model ensures that restorative justice is obtained in situations where crimes occur. The model represents the restoration and prevention processes. In this case, the model manifests through a gated community as well as private police forces. Another way is via neighborhood watch which has to be successful. In a case whereby a crime occurs, we intend to bring about healing, restorative justice and compensation. In this case, stress is made on victims needs rather than their rights. What the model seeks is to minimize the pain of punishment and victimization. According to research activities on victimization, high levels of injustice and unreported criminal activities are due to social policy failures. Un like other models that go for the punitive version of the rights of victims, unreported crime does not get automatically viewed with any sort of alarm (Roach). Victims, according to this model, are non-punitive when it comes to the decisions they make associated with not reporting crimes to the police. There is, however, some bit of non-reporting that is related to the inhospitality and inadequacy of systems of criminal justice as well as fears of retaliation from the offenders. Also, as in the model of crime control, the police are not as concerned with "legal guilt" through admissible evidence as would be expected. Police also have the investigative powers here and could, therefore, use the same to establish whether the suspect is factually guilty or not. The trial is a bit important when it comes to this model. References Joab. "Criminal Law and Process ." Criminology (2006): 4-13. Roach, Kent. "Four Models of the Criminal Process ." Criminal Law and Criminology (1999): 2-47.

Challenges of Leading Groups in Criminal Justice free essay sample

Challenges of Leading Groups in Criminal Justice Leaders of criminal justice organizations have complex challenges that require creative and innovative approaches and solutions. Future leaders in corrections will need to consider how to respond to and incorporate the benefits of various trends. Corrections leaders will deal with direct operational issues, such as staffing shortages and a shift toward privatization. They will need to adjust to the changes in sentencing laws. It is likely that the changes in the use of mandatory sentencing laws and the use of diversion programs will present challenges. Recidivism will continue to be a key measure of the effectiveness of corrections initiatives. Privatization Years ago Texas was running out of money to support the prison system’s constant drain on the budget. The legislators decided to privatize some of the prisons. Other states as well had private security companies running several prisons. As initiatives such as â€Å"the war on drugs†, â€Å"getting tough on crime,† and â€Å"three strikes out† began to grow, there was even a greater demand for privately run prisons because the government run facilities were overpopulated. Privately run prisons had little oversight by the state government. Employee turnover rates were bad enough in the government run prisons, and became even worse in the private prisons. Private prisons had a turnover rate of 53%, whereas publicly run prisons had a 16% turnover. The environment in the privately run prisons was unstable. Because of staffing shortages and poor regulations in private prisons, escapes were common. Perimeters and posts were left unprotected by guards. The environment became increasingly dangerous as inmate-on-staff and inmate-on-inmate assaults rose by 50% in the private prisons. (Brickner Diaz, 2011) According to Brickner and Diaz, â€Å"Prison privatization is gaining traction in some states because officials and the public are concerned about the rising cost of incarceration. † (2011, np. ). The public can expect more private run prisons as state funds continue to decline. Private security companies have shown that they can operate a prison as a lower cost than the government can, but offender rehabilitation initiatives may suffer as a result of privatization. Taylor and Cooper indicate that, â€Å"U. S. critics argue that private firms ultimately privilege profit over the interests of  the public, the prisoners and their rehabilitation. † (2008, p. 8). The future is almost certain to find more privately run prisons. The challenge for leaders will be to improve the operation of both public and private prisons so organizational objectives of the criminal justice system as a whole can be supported. Future initiatives will require an open dia log of communication, collaboration, and teamwork. Staffing Shortages Staffing shortages in the corrections system and criminal justice system is a problem that has already started to become a major challenge. As the future looms and the ability to maintain a safe and effective number of staff in prisons becomes more difficult, the importance of addressing the problem and finding solutions to it becomes vital to the success of the corrections system. Part of the difficulty in staffing currently stems from the budget cuts that corrections facilities are undergoing and are facing. Without acquiring the funding to keep the staffing level at optimal numbers, prisons are forced to have higher than desired inmate to staff ratios. Additionally, this problem even affects law enforcement and the court systems. â€Å"Due to the prisons having lower staffing and less of a budget, it is frequent for offenders to be released to balance out the problem, even if they are not reformed† (R. Knorr, personal communication, August 30, 2013). This leads to offenders committing new crimes for the police and courts to deal with. Then the offenders are returned to prison. The challenge that faces the leaders in the corrections systems is that budget cuts and funding are not likely to change in the future, and in fact, are probably going to continue to decrease. As a result, leaders will have to develop plans that will support safe and effective staffing levels within the permitted budget. One popular opinion is that reducing the inmate population will allow prisons to be operated safely and efficiently without increasing staffing. Reducing the inmate population can be done through programs such as community corrections, reduced sentencing terms, or alternative sentencing. Staffing challenges must be addressed by future leaders. Issues such job satisfaction, working conditions, and pay will need to be addressed to improve the high turnover in corrections. Strategies to reduce turnover will help with control costs because retention will alleviate some of the training costs. Recidivism Each day thousands of individuals come in contact with law enforcement and are arrested for breaking the laws of society. During their incarceration, these rule breakers or offenders as they are called can choose while incarcerated to change their behaviors to become productive citizens or to maintain their current lifestyle and return to a life of crime. Offenders can go through specialized programming to help and aid them in changing their thought processes about crimes and issues that may have been involved in their conviction (Smith, 2013). Mostly, the completion of these programs offers the offenders a reduction in the sentence and will allow them an early release. Criminologists have been focused on researching ways to reducing recidivism and reducing the length of incarceration, if the reduction would benefit society. Current trends include offering programs offenders can participate in while incarcerated. The completion of these programs offers the offenders a reduction in the sentence and will allow them an early release. These programs can range from residential therapeutic community where offenders live and work toward change 24 hours a day or AA/NA programs where the offenders sit in group sessions with volunteers. The burden of changing the illegal thoughts and ways of offenders must be placed on the offenders themselves and not society through programming options. When an automatic sentence reduction is attached to the completion of the programs, many times offenders just go through the motions for the reduction of their time and never attempt to change their criminal ways of thinking. Despite huge investments made on rehabilitation more than 40% of offenders who are released from prison commit crimes within three years of their release and wind up back in prison (Pearlstein, 2011). Almost half of the offenders released in 2011 returned to a life inside a correctional facility somewhere in the United States. Of these offenders, 42% were released after completing a program that offered a reduction in sentence as an incentive (Smith, 2013). The leaders in corrections must analyze the statistics of recidivism and hold offenders accountable for their individual outcomes. Leaders must also examine programs that have shown promise in reducing recidivism. Researchers have suggested that instead of putting an offender back in prison for a minor parole violation, the severity of the violation should be considered, and alternative penalties should be imposed. Sanctions that can be applied quickly and with a level of certainty are likely to influence the offender to improve their behavior more effectively than the more distant threat of going back to prison. A progressive sanction policy can provide the structure that will help with the administration process and can alleviate concerns that might be raised in regard to the fair and impartial use of the sanctions. Measures such as requiring the use electronic monitoring devices, increasing the frequency of drug or alcohol testing, or modifying other conditions of probation or parole can reduce recidivism (Lawrence, 2013). Mandatory Sentencing Leaders in the criminal justice system will need to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of mandatory sentencing laws. Mandatory sentencing eliminates the need for a costly pre-sentencing report, allows a more efficient judicial procedure, and eliminates ethical challenges associated with judicial discretion (Bryjak Barkan, 2010). With mandatory sentencing, courts are forced to deliver the same punishment to all individuals, regardless of wealth, race, political affiliation, etc. The courts are no longer given the chance to become corrupt and must adhere to the letter of the law (Scheb, 2008). The negative aspects of mandatory sentencing laws may outweigh any benefit. Mandatory sentencing laws have a disparate impact on minority groups, contribute to prison overcrowding, and have not been proven to reduce crime rates. Leaders are likely to see reforms made to mandatory sentencing laws. Future trends will include eliminating mandatory sentencing in favor of other sentencing options. Offenders, who commit an offense that under current laws would be sentenced to life in prison, may be sentenced with a focus on rehabilitation rather than retribution. Corrections leaders will have challenges to implement additional treatment plans to accommodate the growing focus on rehabilitation. A key goal in corrections will be to help the offender get back into the community and become a contributing member of society. Future Diversion Opportunities Criminal justice professionals have come to realize that reforms are needed in corrections. Even those who have little faith in the effectiveness of rehabilitation support this approach over purely punitive measures (Adler, Mueller, Laufer, 2009). One trend that has been growing in the criminal justice field is the use of diversion programs for non-violent offenders. There has been a renewed effort in at least 27 states to reallocate funds typically spent on incarceration to diversion programs. Results indicate that such efforts can reduce recidivism, reduce the prison population, increase public safety, and increase offender accountability (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2013). Diversion programs are less expensive overall than incarceration and are considered to be a more effective method for an individual’s rehabilitation. Pretrial intervention programs have been effective option for juvenile offenders or adult offenders with substance abuse or mental health issues. Leaders have to determine what criteria should be used to identify offenders who are eligible to participate in diversion programs and what measures need to be put in place to ensure that the intended outcomes are achieved. Leaders can influence successful outcomes by committing resources to conducting pre-trial assessments and implementing the treatment plans that are recommended as a result. The pre-trial assessment should assess the risk of an offender, identify the root-causes of the offender’s behavior, and provide recommendations for the appropriate intervention. Mental health issues are often overshadowed by substance abuse or treatment is based on an incomplete diagnosis. For example, an offender that should be treated for a dual diagnosis often receives services that address just one issue (Durcan Wilson, 2009). Conclusion Leaders in corrections will be faced with many challenges.